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Frequently asked questions about Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT).

The Association for Psychological Therapies (APT) is a leading provider of training for professionals working in mental health and related areas, and below are the most frequently asked questions in relation to Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT). For questions specifically for DBT training click here.

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• 1. What is DBT?

  DBT, also known as Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, is a comprehensive psychotherapy approach developed by psychologist Marsha M. Linehan. It was initially designed to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) but has proven effective for various other mental health conditions as well. DBT combines elements of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with concepts from Eastern mindfulness practices.

  DBT aims to help individuals regulate their emotions, develop healthy coping skills, and improve interpersonal relationships. It focuses on learning and applying four sets of skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. Clients are taught to observe and accept their thoughts and emotions without judgment, manage distressing situations, identify and regulate intense emotions, and enhance communication and interpersonal skills.

  DBT typically involves both individual therapy sessions and group skills training. The therapist and client work collaboratively to set therapy goals and develop personalised strategies to address specific challenges. DBT emphasises a dialectical approach, meaning that it acknowledges the importance of finding a balance between acceptance and change, validation and accountability, and freedom and structure.

  Overall, DBT helps individuals acquire tools to manage emotional dysregulation, build resilience, and live a more meaningful and satisfying life. It can be tailored to various populations and used in different settings, such as individual therapy, group therapy, or intensive outpatient programs.
  
  

• 2. How does DBT work?

  DBT, or Dialectical Behaviour Therapy, is a therapeutic approach that combines cognitive-behavioural techniques with mindfulness and acceptance strategies. It was originally developed to treat individuals with borderline personality disorder, but has also been used for other mental health conditions.

  DBT works by helping individuals develop skills to manage their emotions, regulate their behaviours, and improve their relationships. It is based on the idea that people struggle with extreme emotions and difficulties in interpersonal relationships due to a combination of genetic factors, environmental influences, and inadequate coping skills.

  In DBT, individuals learn four sets of skills:

  • 1. Mindfulness: It involves learning how to be present in the moment, observe thoughts and emotions without judgment, and cultivate a non-reactive attitude.
  • 2. Distress Tolerance: Individuals learn to tolerate distressing situations and emotions without engaging in self-destructive or impulsive behaviours. They are taught techniques like distraction, self-soothing, and improving the moment.
  • 3. Emotion Regulation: This skill set focuses on understanding and managing emotions effectively. Individuals learn to identify and label emotions, identify obstacles to emotion regulation, and implement strategies to modify emotional responses.
  • 4. Interpersonal Effectiveness: This set of skills helps individuals improve their communication and relationship skills. They learn assertiveness, effective problem-solving, setting boundaries, and maintaining self-respect within relationships.

  DBT therapy consists of both individual therapy sessions and group skills training sessions. The individual therapy focuses on enhancing motivation, problem-solving, and applying skills to specific situations in the person's life. Group skills training sessions provide education, practice, and support for individuals to develop and refine their skills.

  Overall, DBT aims to help individuals develop a balance between acceptance and change, acceptance of themselves as they are in the moment while simultaneously working towards positive growth and change.
  
  

• 3. Who can benefit from DBT?

  DBT can benefit a wide range of individuals experiencing various mental health challenges. Originally developed for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), DBT has since been adapted and shown effectiveness in treating other conditions and populations. Some groups that can benefit from DBT include:

  • 1. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) – DBT is considered a gold standard treatment for individuals with BPD. It helps them manage intense emotions, self-harming behaviours, suicidal thoughts, and improve relationships.
  • 2. Mood Disorders – DBT can be beneficial for individuals with depression, bipolar disorder, and other mood disorders by teaching emotion regulation skills and promoting healthy coping strategies.
  • 3. Anxiety Disorders - DBT can assist individuals with anxiety disorders such as generalised anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to develop mindfulness skills, distress tolerance, and effective coping mechanisms.
  • 4. Eating Disorders – DBT can be useful in the treatment of eating disorders, helping individuals regulate emotions, manage urges, develop healthy coping mechanisms, and improve body image.
  • 5. Substance Use Disorders – DBT can be integrated into substance abuse treatment to enhance distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and promote adaptive coping mechanisms.
  • 6. Self-harm and Suicidal Behaviours – DBT provides skills to help individuals manage self-harming behaviours and suicidal thoughts, reducing the risk of harm and promoting safety.
  • 7. Adolescents – DBT is often adapted for use with adolescents who are struggling with emotional dysregulation, self-harm, interpersonal difficulties, and other related challenges.

  It's important to recognise that DBT is flexible and can be tailored to meet the unique needs of different individuals and populations. It can be beneficial for those who struggle with emotional regulation, distress tolerance, impulsive behaviours, interpersonal difficulties, or a desire to improve their overall well-being and quality of life. It is recommended to consult with a mental health professional to determine if DBT is an appropriate and helpful treatment option for specific concerns.
  
  

• 4. What are the main components of DBT?

  The main components of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) include:

  • 1. Individual Therapy: In DBT, individuals have regular one-on-one therapy sessions with a trained therapist. These sessions focus on enhancing motivation, addressing specific problem areas, providing guidance, and developing effective coping strategies.
  • 2. Group Skills Training: DBT includes group therapy sessions where individuals learn and practice skills in four key areas: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness. Group members share experiences, engage in skill-building exercises, and receive feedback and support from both the therapist and other group members.
  • 3. Phone Coaching: DBT incorporates the provision of phone coaching between therapy sessions. This means that clients have access to their therapist for brief phone consultations to receive support and guidance during times of crisis or when they are struggling to implement skills learned in therapy.
  • 4. Consultation Team: Therapists who provide DBT often participate in a consultation team, which involves regular meetings with other DBT therapists. The purpose of this team is to support therapists in applying DBT principles, ensure adherence to the treatment model, and address challenges or questions that arise during therapy.

  These components work together to provide a comprehensive and integrated treatment approach. Individual therapy focuses on addressing personal issues and developing strategies tailored to the individual's specific needs. Group skills training provides education, practice, and reinforcement of essential coping skills. Phone coaching offers immediate support and guidance, while the consultation team helps therapists effectively implement DBT and maintain fidelity to the treatment model.

  Throughout the treatment process, DBT emphasises the balance between acceptance and change. It aims to validate an individual's experiences and emotions while also promoting growth and the development of healthier behaviours and coping mechanisms. The combination of these components helps individuals build resilience, regulate emotions, improve relationships, and enhance overall well-being.
  
  

• 5. What are the skills taught in DBT?

  Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) teaches a variety of skills to help individuals regulate their emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, and cope with distressing situations. The main areas of focus in DBT are:

  • 1. Mindfulness: Skills to increase awareness and acceptance of the present moment, helping individuals observe and acknowledge their thoughts, emotions, and sensations without judgment.
  • 2. Distress Tolerance: Strategies to cope with distressing situations without making the situation worse, such as self-soothing techniques, distraction activities, and accepting reality.
  • 3. Emotional Regulation: Techniques to identify and regulate emotions effectively, including understanding and labelling emotions, managing emotional vulnerability and triggers, and increasing positive emotional experiences.
  • 4. Interpersonal Effectiveness: Skills to enhance communication and build healthy relationships by learning assertiveness, boundary-setting, active listening, and negotiation techniques.

  By learning these skills, individuals can develop a better sense of emotional control, improve their ability to handle difficult situations, and build more fulfilling relationships with others.
  
  

• 6. How long does DBT treatment usually last?

  The duration of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) treatment can vary depending on the individual's needs and goals. However, it typically consists of a comprehensive program that includes individual therapy sessions, group skills training, phone coaching, and therapist consultation meetings. The standard recommended duration for completing the full program is around one year. During this time, individuals usually attend weekly individual therapy sessions, skills training groups that meet once or twice a week for several months, and have access to phone coaching as needed. However, it's important to note that the treatment length can be adjusted based on the individual's progress and ongoing therapeutic needs.
  
  

• 7. Are there different types of DBT programs?

  Yes, there are different types of DBT programs that can cater to individuals with varying needs and circumstances. Here are a few examples:

  • Standard DBT: This is the most comprehensive and well-known form of DBT. It includes individual therapy, skills training groups, phone coaching, and therapist consultation meetings.
  • DBT Skills Training: Some individuals may opt for DBT skills training without the addition of individual therapy. Skills training focuses on teaching individuals specific coping skills and strategies to manage emotions, improve relationships, and deal with distress.
  • DBT Skills Group: This type of program primarily involves participation in a DBT skills training group, without the inclusion of individual therapy or phone coaching.
  • Intensive DBT: Intensive DBT programs often involve more frequent therapy sessions, additional skills training groups, and provide a more concentrated and immersive treatment experience. This may be suitable for individuals who require more intensive support or those with severe symptoms.

  By learning these skills, individuals can develop a better sense of emotional control, improve their ability to handle difficult situations, and build more fulfilling relationships with others.
  
  

• 8. Is DBT effective in treating certain mental health conditions?

  Yes, DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) has been found to be effective in treating certain mental health conditions. Originally developed to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD), DBT has been adapted and proven effective for various conditions such as suicidal behaviour, self-harm, substance abuse, eating disorders, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

  DBT combines elements of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with mindfulness practices, emphasising skills to improve emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, and mindfulness. It is especially effective for individuals who struggle with emotional instability, difficulty in managing intense emotions, and self-destructive behaviour patterns.

  Research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of DBT in reducing self-harm, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalisations, substance abuse, and improving overall functioning and quality of life. However, the effectiveness may vary depending on individual factors, therapist competence, and treatment adherence. It is always recommended to consult with a qualified mental health professional to determine the best treatment options for specific conditions.
  
  

• 9. What is the role of the therapist in DBT?

  The therapist plays a crucial role in DBT as they guide and support individuals through the therapy process. Some key roles and responsibilities of a DBT therapist include:

  • 1. Providing comprehensive assessment: Therapists conduct a thorough assessment of individuals to understand their specific challenges, needs, and goals. This helps in tailoring the treatment plan and identifying the relevant DBT strategies to implement.
  • 2. Structuring the therapy sessions: DBT typically involves individual therapy sessions, skills training group sessions, phone coaching, and therapist consultation team meetings. The therapist organises and structures these sessions to ensure a balanced approach to treatment.
  • 3. Teaching behavioural skills: DBT emphasises teaching individuals essential behavioural skills to manage emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, tolerate distress, and enhance mindfulness. The therapist teaches these skills using various techniques such as modelling, role-playing, and providing psychoeducation.
  • 4. Addressing therapy-interfering behaviours: Therapists actively address behaviours that may interfere with the therapy process or hinder progress. This includes addressing resistance, non-compliance, or avoidance and working collaboratively to overcome these barriers.
  • 5. Providing coaching and support outside of sessions: DBT includes phone coaching, where individuals can reach out to their therapists for guidance and support during times of crisis or when they need assistance in applying skills to real-life situations.
  • 6. Promoting generalisation of skills: The therapist helps individuals generalise the skills learned in therapy to their daily lives. This may involve discussing challenges faced outside the therapy sessions and assisting individuals in applying the newly acquired skills in real-world situations.
  • 7. Participating in consultation team meetings: DBT therapists typically participate in consultation team meetings with other DBT therapists. These meetings aim to enhance therapist's competencies, ensure adherence to the treatment model, and provide support in managing complex cases.

  It is important to note that DBT therapists undergo specialised training and ongoing supervision to ensure competence in delivering this therapy effectively. The therapist acts as a guide, mentor, and facilitator, working collaboratively with the individual to promote growth, skill development, and improved mental health.
  
  

• 10. Is DBT suitable for individuals with self-harm or suicidal behaviours?

  Yes, DBT is considered one of the most effective treatments for individuals with self-harm or suicidal behaviours. In fact, DBT was initially developed specifically to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD), which often presents with these behaviours. However, it has since been adapted and proven effective for other conditions as well.

  One of the core components of DBT is targeting and reducing self-destructive behaviours, including self-harm and suicidality. DBT provides individuals with skills to manage intense emotions, regulate emotions more effectively, increase distress tolerance, and develop alternative coping strategies.

  Individual therapy in DBT focuses on enhancing motivation for change, building a therapeutic alliance, and addressing specific issues related to self-harm or suicidal behaviours. In skills training group sessions, individuals learn specific techniques to manage intense emotions and crises, along with strategies for improving coping skills.

  DBT also includes phone coaching, where individuals can contact their therapists for support and guidance during difficult moments outside of therapy sessions. This can be particularly beneficial for individuals struggling with self-harm or suicidal thoughts, as they have access to immediate support when needed.

  Numerous research studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of DBT in reducing self-harm, suicide attempts, and hospitalisations among individuals with self-destructive behaviours. It provides them with tools and strategies to develop healthier ways of coping and managing emotional distress.

  It is important to note that DBT is typically delivered in a comprehensive and structured manner, involving weekly individual therapy, skills training group sessions, phone coaching, and therapist consultation team meetings. It is recommended to seek treatment from a qualified DBT therapist or program for addressing self-harm or suicidal behaviours.
  
  

• 11. Can DBT be used in conjunction with other therapies or medication?

  Yes, DBT can be used in conjunction with other therapies and medication. In fact, it is common for individuals receiving DBT to also receive other forms of treatment, such as individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, or medication management.

  DBT is often considered an integrative treatment, meaning it can be combined with other therapeutic approaches to meet the specific needs of an individual. For example, a person undergoing DBT for borderline personality disorder (BPD) may also benefit from individual therapy focused on trauma or attachment issues, or from medication to manage symptoms such as depression or anxiety.

  In some cases, medication may be prescribed alongside DBT to address specific mental health conditions or symptoms. Medication can help manage symptoms such as mood instability, depression, anxiety, or other co-occurring disorders that may be impacting an individual's ability to engage effectively in therapy. However, medication decisions are made on a case-by-case basis, and it is important to consult with a psychiatrist or prescribing healthcare professional to determine the most appropriate treatment plan.

  Collaboration and communication between different healthcare providers involved in an individual's care are vital when using DBT alongside other therapies or medications. This ensures that treatments are coordinated, goals are aligned, and progress is monitored effectively.

  It is worth noting that while DBT can be a significant component of a comprehensive treatment plan, it is important to consult with mental health professionals to determine the most appropriate combination of therapies and medication for an individual's specific needs.
  
  

• 12. How can I find a qualified DBT therapist in the UK?

  To find a qualified DBT therapist in the UK, you can follow these steps:

  • 1. Check with your general practitioner (GP): Your GP may be able to provide you with a referral to a DBT therapist or provide you with a list of mental health professionals who offer DBT in your area.
  • 2. Contact your local Mental Health Trust: Mental Health Trusts often have services and programs that offer DBT therapy. You can contact them directly to find out if they have DBT therapists available or ask for a referral.
  • 3. Search online directories: You can use online directories specific to mental health professionals, such as Psychology Today or the British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP) directory, to search for DBT therapists in your area. These directories often provide information about the therapist's qualifications, specialties, and contact details.
  • 4. Seek recommendations: Ask for recommendations from friends, family, or support groups who have personal experience with DBT therapy. They may be able to provide you with the name of a trusted therapist or relevant resources.

  When considering a DBT therapist, make sure to inquire about their qualifications, experience with DBT, certification, and their approach to therapy. It can also be helpful to schedule an initial consultation to assess the therapist's fit with your needs and goals.
  
  

• 13. What should I expect in a DBT session?

  In a DBT session, you can expect a structured and collaborative therapeutic approach that focuses on addressing specific goals and promoting skills development. Here's what you might expect in a typical DBT session:

  • 1. Check-in and review: At the beginning of each session, your therapist may ask about any significant events, challenges, or progress since the last session. This allows you to provide updates and share any relevant information.
  • 2. Target behaviours and goals: The therapist will likely discuss the target behaviours or goals you are working on in DBT. These could include areas such as emotional regulation, distress tolerance, interpersonal effectiveness, or mindfulness. The therapist will help you prioritise and identify specific areas to focus on during the session.
  • 3. Problem-solving and skill-building: Based on the goals you set, the therapist will guide you in exploring strategies and techniques to address specific challenges or difficulties you are facing. This may involve learning and practicing specific DBT skills, such as mindfulness exercises, emotion regulation techniques, or interpersonal communication skills.
  • 4. Processing and validating emotions: DBT sessions often involve exploration and validation of emotions. Your therapist will provide a supportive and non-judgmental space for you to express your emotions, helping you understand and process them effectively.
  • 5. Homework review: DBT often includes homework assignments or skills practice outside of sessions. Your therapist may review the homework you completed since the last session, provide feedback, and discuss any challenges or successes encountered.
  • 6. Phone coaching support: If your therapy agreement includes phone coaching, you might discuss any situations or crises that occurred since the last session and explore how to effectively utilise DBT skills in real-time situations.
  • 7. Summary and feedback: Towards the end of the session, the therapist may summarise the key points discussed, review the skills and techniques practiced, and provide feedback or guidance for implementing these skills in daily life.

  It is important to note that the structure and flow of a DBT session may vary somewhat depending on the individual therapist and your specific treatment goals and needs. Your therapist will work with you to tailor the sessions to address your unique challenges and support your progress in therapy.
  
  

• 14. Are there any potential drawbacks or limitations of DBT?

  While DBT is an evidence-based and effective treatment approach for many individuals, it is important to be aware of potential drawbacks or limitations. Here are a few considerations:

  • 1. Intensity and commitment: DBT can be a demanding form of therapy, typically involving weekly individual sessions, skills training group sessions, and phone coaching. The level of commitment required may feel overwhelming for some individuals who may struggle with maintaining regular attendance or engaging fully in the treatment process.
  • 2. Availability and accessibility: Finding a qualified DBT therapist or program might be challenging, especially in certain areas or regions where resources are limited. Limited availability can result in long waitlists or expensive out-of-pocket costs for private practitioners. Additionally, access to comprehensive DBT programs, including skills training groups, may be limited.
  • 3. Time-limited treatment: DBT is typically structured as a time-limited treatment, consisting of a set number of sessions or modules. While this time frame can provide structure and goals, it may not be suitable for individuals who require longer-term therapy or have complex and chronic mental health conditions.
  • 4. Group dynamics: Skills training groups are an important component of DBT, but participating in a group setting may not be suitable for everyone. Some individuals may find it challenging to openly share in a group setting or may feel uncomfortable with the group dynamics.
  • 5. Individual variations: DBT is a structured treatment, but not all aspects of the therapy may be effective or relevant for every individual. Therapists need to tailor the treatment to the specific needs and goals of each person. It is important to work collaboratively with your therapist to ensure that the treatment is meeting your individual needs.

  It is crucial to assess your unique circumstances, preferences, and specific treatment needs when considering any therapeutic approach. Discussing potential drawbacks or limitations with a qualified mental health professional can help you make an informed decision about the most suitable treatment options for you.
  
  

• 15. Is DBT covered by health insurance?

  DBT coverage by health insurance may vary depending on the specific insurance plan and the country you are in. In some cases, health insurance plans may cover DBT, but it is important to check with your insurance provider to determine the coverage details. Here are some steps to consider:

  • 1. Check your insurance policy: Review your insurance policy or contact your insurance provider directly to understand the mental health services covered by your plan. Some insurance plans have specific coverage for therapy and may indicate if DBT is included.
  • 2. In-network providers: Inquire whether your insurance plan includes a network of mental health providers or facilities that offer DBT services. Being treated by an in-network provider may result in lower out-of-pocket costs.
  • 3. Out-of-network coverage: If there are limited DBT providers within your network, check if your insurance plan offers any out-of-network coverage. This can help offset costs if you choose to see a DBT therapist who is not in-network.
  • 4. Preauthorisation or referral requirements: Some insurance plans may require preauthorisation or a referral from a primary care physician before covering DBT. Check if any such requirements exist and follow the necessary procedures.
  • 5. Deductibles, co-pays, and co-insurance: Understand the cost-sharing responsibilities associated with DBT. This includes deductibles (the amount you must pay out-of-pocket before insurance coverage kicks in), co-pays (a fixed amount you pay for each session), and co-insurance (a percentage of the costs you are responsible for).
  • 6. Medical necessity: Insurance plans typically require documentation of medical necessity for covering DBT. This may involve submitting a treatment plan or evaluation from a qualified mental health professional.
  • 7. Advocacy and appeals: If your insurance initially denies coverage for DBT, you can engage in advocacy by providing additional documentation or appealing the decision. This may involve working with your therapist or healthcare provider to provide the necessary information to support your case.

  Remember, coverage and reimbursement policies can vary widely between insurance providers and plans. It is crucial to reach out to your insurance company directly and ask specific questions about DBT coverage, including any preauthorisation requirements, co-pays, or referrals.
  
  

• 16. What are the main components of DBT?

  The main components of DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) include:

  • 1. Individual Therapy: DBT typically involves weekly individual therapy sessions. This one-on-one therapy allows the individual to work collaboratively with their therapist to address specific challenges or behaviours, develop coping skills, and set treatment goals.
  • 2. Skills Training Groups: Skills training groups are an essential component of DBT, usually conducted weekly. These group sessions focus on teaching individuals specific skills to manage emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, tolerate distress, and enhance mindfulness. Topics covered include emotion regulation, interpersonal effectiveness, distress tolerance, and mindfulness.
  • 3. Phone Coaching: DBT includes phone coaching as a means of support between therapy sessions. Individuals can contact their therapists for guidance and assistance in applying the skills they learn in therapy to real-life situations or crises.
  • 4. Therapist Consultation Team: DBT therapists participate in regular consultation team meetings with other therapists. These meetings provide support, training, and guidance for therapists to ensure treatment adherence, discuss complex cases, and address any challenges that may arise.

  DBT is based on a dialectical philosophy, which means finding balance and synthesis between seemingly opposite perspectives. Key dialectics within DBT include acceptance and change, validation and problem-solving, and compassion and accountability.

  Additionally, DBT emphasises the importance of building a strong therapeutic relationship, validating individual experiences and emotions, and addressing therapy-interfering behaviours.

  It is important to note that while these components are fundamental to DBT, the implementation and duration of treatment may vary based on individual needs and treatment settings. The therapy is often delivered in a comprehensive and structured manner to provide a holistic approach to addressing the complex challenges faced by individuals with various mental health conditions.
  
  

• 17. Can DBT be effective for adolescents or children?

  Yes, DBT can be effective for both adolescents and children. While initially developed for adults, DBT has been adapted and modified to be age-appropriate and effective for younger populations. Here are some points to consider:

  • 1. Adolescent DBT (DBT-A): DBT has been adapted for adolescents with emotional dysregulation, self-harm behaviours, and other mental health issues. DBT-A incorporates the same core components as DBT, including individual therapy, skills training groups, phone coaching, and therapist consultation. The content and examples used in DBT-A are tailored to the developmental needs and specific challenges faced by adolescents.
  • 2. Child-Adapted DBT (DBT-C): DBT has also been adapted for younger children. DBT-C incorporates play-based interventions and utilises age-appropriate language and activities to teach skills. The parent's involvement and guidance are crucial in child-adapted DBT, as parents play an active role in supporting their child's skill development and generalisation of skills.
  • 3. Parental involvement: In DBT with adolescents and children, parental involvement is considered a vital component. Parents are often included in some therapy sessions to learn DBT skills themselves and support their child's progress. Parenting skills and strategies are addressed to create a more effective and supportive environment for the child.
  • 4. School-based programs: DBT skills training groups for adolescents and children can be implemented in a school setting. This allows for a more comprehensive approach, with collaboration between therapists, teachers, and parents to support the child's skill development and generalisation across different environments.

  Research has shown promising results for DBT with adolescents and children, particularly for those experiencing emotional dysregulation, self-harm behaviours, suicidal ideation, behavioural difficulties, and other mental health concerns. It helps these young individuals to develop skills for emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and effective communication.

  If considering DBT for an adolescent or child, it is essential to find a qualified DBT therapist or program specialising in this population. A therapist with experience in working with younger clients can tailor the approach to meet the developmental and emotional needs of the child or adolescent.
  
  

• 18. Are there any research studies on the effectiveness of DBT?

  Yes, there is a significant body of research supporting the effectiveness of DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) across various populations and mental health conditions. Here are some key findings from research studies on DBT:

  • 1. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): DBT has been extensively researched and is considered the gold standard treatment for individuals with BPD. Studies have demonstrated that DBT reduces self-harm behaviours, suicidal ideation, hospitalisations, and improves overall functioning and quality of life in individuals with BPD.
  • 2. Self-Harm and Suicidal Behaviour: DBT has shown effectiveness in reducing self-harm behaviours and attempted suicide in various populations, including adolescents, adults, and individuals with co-occurring substance use disorders.
  • 3. Substance Use Disorders: Research suggests that DBT can be effective in treating individuals with substance use disorders, both as a stand-alone treatment and as part of integrated treatment approaches. DBT can help individuals develop coping skills, manage cravings, and improve emotion regulation, leading to better substance use outcomes.
  • 4. Eating Disorders: DBT has shown promise in the treatment of eating disorders, particularly in reducing binge eating and improving emotional regulation. It is often utilised as part of a comprehensive treatment approach that includes medical and nutritional interventions.
  • 5. Depression and Anxiety: DBT has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety, improving emotion regulation, and enhancing overall functioning and well-being.
  • 6. Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Research has indicated that DBT can be helpful for individuals with PTSD and a history of trauma. DBT-based strategies, such as dialectical thinking and emotion regulation skills, can be beneficial in managing trauma-related symptoms..

  It is important to note that while these research findings indicate the effectiveness of DBT, the outcomes can vary depending on individual factors, treatment adherence, and therapist competence. The research supports DBT as an evidence-based treatment approach, but it is always recommended to consult with a qualified mental health professional to determine the best treatment options for individual circumstances.
  
  

• 19. What are some success stories or testimonials from individuals who have undergone DBT?

  While we cannot provide specific testimonials or success stories from individuals who have undergone DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy), there are numerous accounts available online and in personal accounts that express the positive impact of DBT. Some common themes in success stories include:

  • 1. Improved emotional regulation: Many individuals report significant improvements in their ability to recognise, understand, and regulate their emotions more effectively. They express feeling less overwhelmed and better equipped to cope with distressing situations.
  • 2. Reduced self-destructive behaviours: Success stories often highlight a decrease in self-destructive behaviours such as self-harm or suicidal thoughts. By learning alternative coping strategies and skills, individuals report a reduced reliance on maladaptive behaviours to manage their emotions.
  • 3. Enhanced interpersonal relationships: DBT emphasises the development of effective communication and interpersonal skills. Many individuals report improved relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners, expressing increased satisfaction in their interactions and a reduction in conflict.
  • 4. Greater quality of life: Success stories frequently mention an overall improvement in the quality of life. This includes experiencing increased enjoyment, setting and achieving personal goals, and feeling a sense of empowerment and control over one's life.
  • 5. Improved self-esteem and self-acceptance: Through the validation and acceptance-based approach of DBT, individuals may develop a stronger sense of self-worth and self-acceptance. They report increased self-esteem and a more compassionate and non-judgmental attitude towards themselves.

  It is essential to remember that experiences and outcomes can vary from person to person. DBT is a highly individualised approach, and the effectiveness of treatment depends on factors such as the individual's commitment, engagement in therapy, and the skills and support system they have in place.

  If you are considering DBT or any other therapy, consulting with a qualified mental health professional can provide more insight into the potential benefits and help determine if it is an appropriate treatment option for you.
  
  

• 20. Can DBT help individuals with borderline personality disorder?

  Yes, DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) is considered the gold standard treatment for individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is a complex mental health condition characterised by emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, unstable relationships, identity disturbances, and self-destructive behaviours.

  DBT was specifically developed by Marsha M. Linehan to address the unique challenges faced by individuals with BPD. It combines Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) techniques with dialectical principles, emphasising acceptance and change. Here's how DBT can help individuals with BPD:

  • 1. Emotion regulation: DBT focuses on helping individuals learn effective strategies for recognising, experiencing, and regulating their emotions. This includes identifying triggers, developing coping skills, and increasing distress tolerance.
  • 2. Interpersonal effectiveness: DBT teaches individuals skills to improve communication and assertiveness, set boundaries, and navigate relationships effectively. It aims to enhance interpersonal skills, strengthen relationships, and reduce relationship conflicts.
  • 3. Distress tolerance: DBT equips individuals with skills to tolerate distressing situations without resorting to impulsive or self-destructive behaviours. It helps individuals develop healthier and adaptive coping strategies for managing intense emotions and distress.
  • 4. Mindfulness: Mindfulness is a core component of DBT, teaching individuals to observe and experience the present moment without judgment. Mindfulness practices can help individuals increase self-awareness, regulate their emotions, and reduce impulsive reactions.
  • 5. Validation: DBT emphasises validating individual experiences and emotions, fostering a non-judgmental, supportive, and empathic therapeutic environment. Validation promotes a sense of understanding, acceptance, and self-compassion.

  Research studies have consistently shown that DBT is effective in reducing self-harm behaviours, suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalisations, and improving overall functioning and quality of life for individuals with BPD. It provides individuals with practical skills and strategies to navigate the challenges associated with BPD and develop a more stable and fulfilling life.

  It's important to note that DBT is typically delivered in a comprehensive and structured manner, involving individual therapy, skills training groups, phone coaching, and therapist consultation. Seeking treatment from a qualified DBT therapist or program specialising in BPD can be beneficial for individuals with this condition.
  
  

• 21. How can family members or loved ones support someone going through DBT?

  Family members or loved ones can provide valuable support for someone going through DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy). Here are some ways you can support someone in their DBT journey:

  • 1. Educate yourself: Learn about DBT and the specific skills and techniques being taught in therapy. Understanding the principles of DBT can help you better support and communicate with the person going through treatment.
  • 2. Encourage and reinforce DBT skills practice: Encourage the individual to practice and apply the skills they are learning in therapy. Reinforce their efforts by acknowledging and praising their progress.
  • 3. Provide a supportive environment: Create a safe and supportive environment at home. This involves actively listening, expressing empathy, and validating their experiences and emotions without judgment.
  • 4. Use non-judgmental language: Try to avoid criticising or judging the person. Instead, use language that is supportive and non-judgmental. Focus on promoting a sense of acceptance, understanding, and empathy.
  • 5. Collaborate on setting boundaries: Work together with the person to establish and respect healthy boundaries. This includes discussing and agreeing upon expectations for communication, privacy, and personal space.
  • 6. Attend family or couple therapy: Consider joining the person in therapy sessions, attending family therapy sessions, or participating in couple's therapy if appropriate. This can promote understanding, improve communication, and enhance the support system.
  • 7. Practice self-care: It's important for family members and loved ones to prioritise their own self-care. Taking care of your own emotional and physical well-being enables you to offer better support and creates a healthier dynamic within the relationship.
  • 8. Be patient and understanding: Recognise that progress in DBT takes time, and setbacks may occur along the way. Offer patience and understanding during challenging moments, and encourage the person to stay committed to their therapy.
  • 9. Seek support for yourself: Consider seeking support for yourself, whether through therapy, support groups, or individual self-care activities. Having your own support network can help you navigate challenges and take care of your own well-being.

  Remember, each person's DBT journey is unique, and it's important to communicate openly and collaboratively with the individual going through treatment. Respect their autonomy and involve them in decision-making processes. By providing a supportive and understanding environment, you can play a crucial role in their recovery and growth.
  
  

• 22. Are there any online or virtual DBT therapy programs available in the UK?

  Yes, there are online or virtual DBT therapy programs available in the UK. These programs aim to provide therapeutic support and guidance using DBT principles through online platforms. Here are a few examples:

  • 1. Online Therapy Company: This company offers online DBT therapy services in the UK. Their DBT-trained therapists provide virtual individual therapy sessions using video conferencing.
  • 2. Talkspace: Talkspace is an online therapy platform that offers access to DBT-trained therapists in the UK through video, voice, or text-based sessions. They provide personalised treatment plans based on DBT principles.
  • 3. BetterHelp: BetterHelp is another online therapy platform that offers access to DBT therapists in the UK. Through their platform, individuals can receive virtual therapy sessions and access DBT resources.
  • 4. Mind Online: Mind is a mental health charity in the UK that provides various resources and support, including online therapy services. They may have DBT-trained therapists available for virtual therapy sessions.

  It's important to research and evaluate these online therapy platforms to ensure they meet your specific needs and preferences. Consulting with mental health professionals or reaching out to local mental health organisations may also provide more information about online DBT therapy options in the UK.
  
  

• 23. What are some alternative therapies or approaches to DBT?

  There are several alternative therapies or approaches that can complement or be used as alternatives to DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy). Some of them include:

  • 1. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT is a goal-oriented therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative thought patterns and behaviours. It shares some similarities with DBT, such as addressing distorted thoughts and developing coping skills, but with less emphasis on acceptance and mindfulness.
  • 2. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT): ACT combines mindfulness strategies with acceptance techniques to help individuals develop psychological flexibility and embrace their thoughts and emotions without judgement. It integrates mindfulness practices and values-based goal setting.
  • 3. Schema Therapy: Schema Therapy is an integrative therapy that combines elements of cognitive-behavioural, psychodynamic, and experiential approaches. It focuses on identifying and changing negative patterns of thinking and behaviour, particularly those that stem from early childhood experiences.
  • 4. Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): MBCT combines elements of CBT with mindfulness practices. It is particularly effective for individuals dealing with recurring depression and aims to prevent relapses by teaching individuals to recognise and respond to negative thinking patterns.
  • 5. Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR is a therapy primarily used to treat individuals who have experienced trauma. It involves guided eye movements while recalling traumatic experiences to facilitate emotional processing and reduce distress.
  • 6. Psychodynamic Therapy: Psychodynamic therapy focuses on exploring unconscious thoughts, emotions, and early-life experiences that may contribute to current difficulties. It aims to help individuals gain insight into underlying issues and make meaningful changes in their lives.
  • 7. Expressive Therapies: Expressive therapies such as art therapy, music therapy, or dance/movement therapy can be used as complementary approaches to traditional talk therapy. These approaches involve creative expression to explore emotions, process experiences, and promote self-discovery.

  It's important to note that the choice of therapy depends on individual needs and preferences. Consulting with a mental health professional can help determine which approach may be the most suitable for specific circumstances.
  
  

• 24. Can DBT be used for anger management or impulse control issues?

  Yes, DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy) can be used for anger management and impulse control issues. While DBT was initially developed to treat borderline personality disorder, it has been found to be effective for a range of mental health conditions, including those that involve difficulties with emotion regulation and impulsive behaviours.

  In DBT, individuals learn skills to manage their emotions, tolerate distress, and regulate their impulses. These skills can be beneficial for anger management and impulse control issues. The four main modules of DBT skills training are:

  • 1. Mindfulness: This module emphasises being fully present in the present moment and reducing judgmental attitudes. Mindfulness skills can help individuals become more aware of their anger and impulses, giving them a chance to pause and respond more appropriately.
  • 2. Distress Tolerance: This module teaches individuals techniques to cope with distressing situations without resorting to impulsive and self-destructive behaviours. It helps individuals learn healthy ways to manage intense emotions and urges.
  • 3. Emotion Regulation: This module focuses on understanding and regulating intense emotions. It equips individuals with strategies to identify and express emotions effectively, increase positive emotions, and decrease emotional vulnerability.
  • 4. Interpersonal Effectiveness: This module provides skills for improving communication, setting boundaries, and managing conflict. Developing healthier interpersonal skills can reduce anger triggers and impulsive reactions in relationships.

  By incorporating these skills and practicing them regularly, individuals can develop healthier ways to manage anger and impulsive behaviours. It is important to note that working with a trained DBT therapist is recommended to effectively learn and apply these skills in a personalised manner to address specific anger or impulse-related issues.
  
  

 

DBT training for mental health professionals.

The Association for Psychological Therapies (APT) is a leading provider of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) training in the UK and Ireland and offers accreditation and courses in this area for mental health professionals to attend.

Find out more